During most of Reconstruction, African Americans had new opportunities for personal growth, advancement,?

[leland]

and access to true citizenship. However, by the late 1870s, these opportunities were beginning to close for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
a. poll taxes and literacy tests to disfranchise black voters
b. federal laws designating African Americans as second-class citizens
c. bankruptcy which led to the rise of sharecropping and tenancy