During most of Reconstruction, African Americans had new opportunities for personal growth,?

[dacy17]

advancement, and access to true citizenship. However, by the late 1870s, these opportunities were beginning to close for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
a. poll taxes and literacy tests to disfranchise black voters

b. federal laws designating African Americans as second-class citizens

c. rise of white supremacy and legal discrimination between the races

d. bankruptcy which led to the rise of sharecropping and tenancy